Database Strategies - System Design Ultimatum

Diagram: Database Strategies · 75 elements

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SINGLE DATABASE (CENTRALIZED)", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 1, "fontWeight": "bold", "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "1. SINGLE DATABASE (CENTRALIZED)", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "a1" }, { "id": "strategy-1-text", "type": "text", "x": 60, "y": 125, "width": 480, "height": 380, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#000000", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12348, "version": 14, "versionNonce": 1492636745, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956574528, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "CONCEPT: All data in single database server. No sharding, no\nreplication.\n\nPROS:\n• Simple to implement and manage\n• ACID transactions guaranteed\n• No consistency issues\n• Easy to query across all data\n\nCONS:\n• Single point of failure\n• Limited scalability (storage & throughput)\n• Cannot handle 100M+ users effectively\n• High latency if geographically distributed\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Startup/MVP phase (< 1M users)\n• Low write/read throughput needed\n• Strong consistency critical", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 5, "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "CONCEPT: All data in single database server. No sharding, no replication.\n\nPROS:\n• Simple to implement and manage\n• ACID transactions guaranteed\n• No consistency issues\n• Easy to query across all data\n\nCONS:\n• Single point of failure\n• Limited scalability (storage & throughput)\n• Cannot handle 100M+ users effectively\n• High latency if geographically distributed\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Startup/MVP phase (< 1M users)\n• Low write/read throughput needed\n• Strong consistency critical", "autoResize": false, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "a3" }, { "id": "strategy-1-diagram", "type": "rectangle", "x": 580, "y": 115, "width": 150, "height": 80, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#1976d2", "backgroundColor": "#f5f5f5", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": { "type": 3 }, "seed": 12349, "version": 2, "versionNonce": 692448897, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956084310, "link": null, "locked": false, "index": "a4" }, { "id": "strategy-1-diagram-text", "type": "text", "x": 590, "y": 135, "width": 130, "height": 40, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#1976d2", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12350, "version": 2, "versionNonce": 1765209615, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956084310, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "Multiple Servers ↓\nSingle DB\n(Bottleneck)", "fontSize": 11, "fontFamily": 1, "textAlign": "center", "verticalAlign": "middle", "containerId": null, "originalText": "Multiple Servers ↓\nSingle DB\n(Bottleneck)", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "a5" }, { "id": "strategy-2-title", "type": "text", "x": 1418.3642322239514, "y": 60.82246457894104, "width": 500, "height": 30, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#2e7d32", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12351, "version": 237, "versionNonce": 168800199, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956817972, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "2. REPLICATION (MASTER-SLAVE / PRIMARY-REPLICA)", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 1, "fontWeight": "bold", "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "2. REPLICATION (MASTER-SLAVE / PRIMARY-REPLICA)", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "a6" }, { "id": "strategy-2-text", "type": "text", "x": 1431.9384509739514, "y": 115.75215207894104, "width": 480, "height": 400, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#000000", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12353, "version": 237, "versionNonce": 540286695, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956817972, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "CONCEPT: One master (write), multiple replicas (read-only).\nReplicas sync from master via binary logs.\n\nPROS:\n• Scales read capacity (replicas serve reads)\n• High availability (failover to replica if master fails)\n• Reduced latency (read from nearest replica)\n• Backup readily available\n\nCONS:\n• Replication lag (eventual consistency)\n• Write still bottlenecked to master\n• Master failover complexity (data loss risk)\n• Not suitable for extreme scales\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Read-heavy systems (80% reads, 20% writes)\n• Need geographic distribution for reads\n• Can tolerate eventual consistency\n• Scale up to 10M+ users", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 5, "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "CONCEPT: One master (write), multiple replicas (read-only). Replicas sync from master via binary logs.\n\nPROS:\n• Scales read capacity (replicas serve reads)\n• High availability (failover to replica if master fails)\n• Reduced latency (read from nearest replica)\n• Backup readily available\n\nCONS:\n• Replication lag (eventual consistency)\n• Write still bottlenecked to master\n• Master failover complexity (data loss risk)\n• Not suitable for extreme scales\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Read-heavy systems (80% reads, 20% writes)\n• Need geographic distribution for reads\n• Can tolerate eventual consistency\n• Scale up to 10M+ users", "autoResize": false, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "a8" }, { "id": "strategy-2-diagram", "type": "rectangle", "x": 1948.3642322239514, "y": 100.82246457894104, "width": 150, "height": 100, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#2e7d32", "backgroundColor": "#f5f5f5", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": { "type": 3 }, "seed": 12354, "version": 237, "versionNonce": 1379772935, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956817972, "link": null, "locked": false, "index": "a9" }, { "id": "strategy-2-diagram-text", "type": "text", "x": 1958.3642322239514, "y": 120.82246457894104, "width": 82.20986938476562, "height": 50, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#2e7d32", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12355, "version": 238, "versionNonce": 489214247, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956817972, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "Master (Write)\n↓ Replicate ↓\nReplica1 Replica2\n(Read Only)", "fontSize": 10, "fontFamily": 1, "textAlign": "center", "verticalAlign": "middle", "containerId": null, "originalText": "Master (Write)\n↓ Replicate ↓\nReplica1 Replica2\n(Read Only)", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aA" }, { "id": "strategy-3-title", "type": "text", "x": 52.824414590344304, "y": 633.498615939414, "width": 500, "height": 30, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#f57c00", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12356, "version": 148, "versionNonce": 2141198249, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956822825, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "3. SHARDING (HORIZONTAL PARTITIONING)", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 1, "fontWeight": "bold", "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "3. SHARDING (HORIZONTAL PARTITIONING)", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aB" }, { "id": "strategy-3-text", "type": "text", "x": 62.824414590344304, "y": 683.498615939414, "width": 480, "height": 420, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#000000", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12358, "version": 153, "versionNonce": 284244617, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956822825, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "CONCEPT: Split data across multiple databases based on\nshard key (e.g., user_id). Each shard holds subset of data.\n\nPROS:\n• Scales both read AND write (by sharding)\n• Reduces data per server (faster queries)\n• Can handle 100M+ users\n• Inherently distributed\n\nCONS:\n• Complex to implement and manage\n• Cross-shard queries difficult (need aggregation)\n• Resharding needed when scale more (downtime/complex)\n• Data hotspots possible (bad shard key)\n• Transactions across shards not possible\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Large-scale systems (100M+ users)\n• Write-heavy workloads\n• Data naturally partitionable\n• Can design good shard key", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 5, "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "CONCEPT: Split data across multiple databases based on shard key (e.g., user_id). Each shard holds subset of data.\n\nPROS:\n• Scales both read AND write (by sharding)\n• Reduces data per server (faster queries)\n• Can handle 100M+ users\n• Inherently distributed\n\nCONS:\n• Complex to implement and manage\n• Cross-shard queries difficult (need aggregation)\n• Resharding needed when scale more (downtime/complex)\n• Data hotspots possible (bad shard key)\n• Transactions across shards not possible\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Large-scale systems (100M+ users)\n• Write-heavy workloads\n• Data naturally partitionable\n• Can design good shard key", "autoResize": false, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aD" }, { "id": "strategy-3-diagram", "type": "rectangle", "x": 582.8244145903443, "y": 673.498615939414, "width": 150, "height": 100, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#f57c00", "backgroundColor": "#f5f5f5", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": { "type": 3 }, "seed": 12359, "version": 148, "versionNonce": 1708851561, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956822825, "link": null, "locked": false, "index": "aE" }, { "id": "strategy-3-diagram-text", "type": "text", "x": 592.8244145903443, "y": 693.498615939414, "width": 130, "height": 60, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#f57c00", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12360, "version": 148, "versionNonce": 1269361737, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956822825, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "User ID 1-10M\nShard 1\n\nUser ID 10M-20M\nShard 2", "fontSize": 10, "fontFamily": 1, "textAlign": "center", "verticalAlign": "middle", "containerId": null, "originalText": "User ID 1-10M\nShard 1\n\nUser ID 10M-20M\nShard 2", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aF" }, { "id": "strategy-4-title", "type": "text", "x": 1434.5018939405793, "y": 618.4871601399939, "width": 500, "height": 30, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#7b1fa2", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12361, "version": 244, "versionNonce": 1623551271, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956829707, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "4. COMBINATION: REPLICATION + SHARDING", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 1, "fontWeight": "bold", "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "4. COMBINATION: REPLICATION + SHARDING", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aG" }, { "id": "strategy-4-text", "type": "text", "x": 1444.5018939405793, "y": 668.4871601399939, "width": 480, "height": 440, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#000000", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12363, "version": 248, "versionNonce": 134950983, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956829707, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "CONCEPT: Each shard replicated (master-replica per shard).\nBest of both worlds.\n\nPROS:\n• Scales both read and write (sharding + replication)\n• High availability (replica per shard acts as backup)\n• Geographic distribution (read locally, write to master)\n• Handles 100M+ users with HA\n• Industry standard for mega-scale systems\n\nCONS:\n• Most complex to operate\n• Highest infrastructure cost (many servers)\n• Difficult resharding process\n• Monitoring and maintenance complex\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Large-scale production systems (100M-1B users)\n• Need high availability AND scale\n• Can afford operational complexity\n• Geographic distribution required\n• Examples: Facebook, Twitter, Google", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 5, "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "CONCEPT: Each shard replicated (master-replica per shard). Best of both worlds.\n\nPROS:\n• Scales both read and write (sharding + replication)\n• High availability (replica per shard acts as backup)\n• Geographic distribution (read locally, write to master)\n• Handles 100M+ users with HA\n• Industry standard for mega-scale systems\n\nCONS:\n• Most complex to operate\n• Highest infrastructure cost (many servers)\n• Difficult resharding process\n• Monitoring and maintenance complex\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Large-scale production systems (100M-1B users)\n• Need high availability AND scale\n• Can afford operational complexity\n• Geographic distribution required\n• Examples: Facebook, Twitter, Google", "autoResize": false, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aI" }, { "id": "strategy-4-diagram", "type": "rectangle", "x": 1964.5018939405793, "y": 658.4871601399939, "width": 150, "height": 120, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#7b1fa2", "backgroundColor": "#f5f5f5", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": { "type": 3 }, "seed": 12364, "version": 244, "versionNonce": 1139511143, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956829707, "link": null, "locked": false, "index": "aJ" }, { "id": "strategy-4-diagram-text", "type": "text", "x": 1974.5018939405793, "y": 678.4871601399939, "width": 130, "height": 80, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#7b1fa2", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12365, "version": 244, "versionNonce": 1588791943, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956829707, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "Shard 1\nMaster → Replica\n\nShard 2\nMaster → Replica", "fontSize": 10, "fontFamily": 1, "textAlign": "center", "verticalAlign": "middle", "containerId": null, "originalText": "Shard 1\nMaster → Replica\n\nShard 2\nMaster → Replica", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aK" }, { "id": "strategy-5-title", "type": "text", "x": 40.23165526183857, "y": 1244.6994951134986, "width": 500, "height": 30, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#c62828", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12366, "version": 127, "versionNonce": 191609481, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956836024, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "5. NOSQL / DISTRIBUTED DATABASES", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 1, "fontWeight": "bold", "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "5. NOSQL / DISTRIBUTED DATABASES", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aL" }, { "id": "strategy-5-text", "type": "text", "x": 21.04415526183857, "y": 1302.5588701134986, "width": 480, "height": 480, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#1e1e1e", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12368, "version": 224, "versionNonce": 755335529, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956836024, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "CONCEPT: Databases built for distributed (e.g., Cassandra,\nDynamoDB, MongoDB). Built-in replication/sharding.\n\nPROS:\n• Designed for distribution from ground up\n• Automatic sharding and replication\n• Horizontal scalability (add nodes, no resharding)\n• High availability (multi-node consensus)\n• Flexible schema (NoSQL)\n\nCONS:\n• No ACID across nodes (BASE instead of ACID)\n• Eventual consistency (read stale data)\n• Complex to operate and tune\n• Different query model (no SQL joins)\n• Data duplication/denormalization needed\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Massive scale with HA required\n• Can tolerate eventual consistency\n• Flexible/evolving data models\n• High throughput required\n• Examples: Cassandra (Netflix), DynamoDB (AWS), MongoDB\n(general)", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 5, "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "CONCEPT: Databases built for distributed (e.g., Cassandra, DynamoDB, MongoDB). Built-in replication/sharding.\n\nPROS:\n• Designed for distribution from ground up\n• Automatic sharding and replication\n• Horizontal scalability (add nodes, no resharding)\n• High availability (multi-node consensus)\n• Flexible schema (NoSQL)\n\nCONS:\n• No ACID across nodes (BASE instead of ACID)\n• Eventual consistency (read stale data)\n• Complex to operate and tune\n• Different query model (no SQL joins)\n• Data duplication/denormalization needed\n\nWHEN TO USE:\n• Massive scale with HA required\n• Can tolerate eventual consistency\n• Flexible/evolving data models\n• High throughput required\n• Examples: Cassandra (Netflix), DynamoDB (AWS), MongoDB (general)", "autoResize": false, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aN" }, { "id": "strategy-5-diagram", "type": "rectangle", "x": 570.2316552618386, "y": 1284.6994951134986, "width": 150, "height": 100, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#c62828", "backgroundColor": "#f5f5f5", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": { "type": 3 }, "seed": 12369, "version": 127, "versionNonce": 1233349705, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956836024, "link": null, "locked": false, "index": "aO" }, { "id": "strategy-5-diagram-text", "type": "text", "x": 580.2316552618386, "y": 1304.6994951134986, "width": 130, "height": 60, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#c62828", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12370, "version": 127, "versionNonce": 952171305, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956836024, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "Cassandra Cluster\nNode1 ↔ Node2 ↔ Node3\n(Ring topology)", "fontSize": 10, "fontFamily": 1, "textAlign": "center", "verticalAlign": "middle", "containerId": null, "originalText": "Cassandra Cluster\nNode1 ↔ Node2 ↔ Node3\n(Ring topology)", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aP" }, { "id": "comparison-title", "type": "text", "x": 1514.8064184967707, "y": 1291.4022923479406, "width": 169.82388305664062, "height": 20, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#d32f2f", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12371, "version": 244, "versionNonce": 1648474823, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956841058, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "COMPARISON TABLE", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 1, "fontWeight": "bold", "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "COMPARISON TABLE", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25, "index": "aQ" }, { "id": "comparison-text", "type": "text", "x": 1494.3172436673294, "y": 1354.9999792122585, "width": 930.3945312500001, "height": 320, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#000000", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 1, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 0, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "roundness": null, "seed": 12373, "version": 369, "versionNonce": 1542244839, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": [], "updated": 1766956841058, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "Strategy | Scalability | Consistency | Availability | Complexity | Cost | When to Use\n───────────────────────────────────────────────────\nSingle DB | Low | Strong | Low | Low | Low | MVP, startup\nReplication | Medium | Eventual | Medium | Medium | Medium | Read-heavy, <10M\nSharding | High | Strong | Low | High | Medium | Large-scale, write-heavy\nReplication+Sharding | Very High | Eventual | High | Very High | High | 100M+ users, HA needed\nNoSQL/Distributed | Very High | Eventual | High | High | Medium | Extreme scale, flexible\n\nSCALE PROGRESSION:\nStartup → Single DB → Replication → Sharding → Replication+Sharding → NoSQL\n\nKEY INSIGHTS:\n1. Start simple (single DB), scale up as needed\n2. Replication = read scaling, Sharding = write scaling\n3. Combination gives both read + write scaling + HA (best)\n4. NoSQL adds complexity, use only if sharding insufficient", "fontSize": 16, "fontFamily": 5, "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "Strategy | Scalability | Consistency | Availability | Complexity | Cost | When to Use\n───────────────────────────────────────────────────\nSingle DB | Low | Strong | Low | Low | Low | MVP, startup\nReplication | Medium | Eventual | Medium | Medium | Medium | Read-heavy, <10M\nSharding | High | Strong | Low | High | Medium | Large-scale, write-heavy\nReplication+Sharding | Very High | Eventual | High | Very High | High | 100M+ users, HA needed\nNoSQL/Distributed | Very High | Eventual | High | High | Medium | Extreme scale, flexible\n\nSCALE PROGRESSION:\nStartup → Single DB → Replication → Sharding → Replication+Sharding → NoSQL\n\nKEY INSIGHTS:\n1. 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Since every row must have an entry, \nthe database must maintain the index on inserts, updates, and deletes. Having an entry for every row also means that dense indexes will require more memory. \nThe benefit of a dense index is that values can be quickly found with just a binary search. Dense indexes also do not impose any ordering requirements on the data.\n", "fontSize": 20, "fontFamily": 5, "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "Dense Index\nIn a dense index, an index record is created for every row of the table. \nRecords can be located directly as each record of the index holds the search key value and the pointer to the actual record.\n\n\nDense indexes require more maintenance than sparse indexes at write-time. Since every row must have an entry, \nthe database must maintain the index on inserts, updates, and deletes. Having an entry for every row also means that dense indexes will require more memory. \nThe benefit of a dense index is that values can be quickly found with just a binary search. Dense indexes also do not impose any ordering requirements on the data.\n", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25 }, { "id": "1u_f97EMq8vCo4W4_sJHn", "type": "text", "x": 400.8515625, "y": 2207.5, "width": 1190.4390869140625, "height": 225, "angle": 0, "strokeColor": "#1e1e1e", "backgroundColor": "transparent", "fillStyle": "solid", "strokeWidth": 2, "strokeStyle": "solid", "roughness": 1, "opacity": 100, "groupIds": [], "frameId": null, "index": "b0O", "roundness": null, "seed": 1530178098, "version": 24, "versionNonce": 687049074, "isDeleted": false, "boundElements": null, "updated": 1773451710133, "link": null, "locked": false, "text": "Sparse Index\nIn a sparse index, index records are created only for some of the records.\n\nSparse indexes require less maintenance than dense indexes at write-time since they only contain a subset of the values. \nThis lighter maintenance burden means that inserts, updates, and deletes will be faster. \nHaving fewer entries also means that the index will use less memory. \nFinding data is slower since a scan across the page typically follows the binary search. \nSparse indexes are also optional when working with ordered data.\n", "fontSize": 20, "fontFamily": 5, "textAlign": "left", "verticalAlign": "top", "containerId": null, "originalText": "Sparse Index\nIn a sparse index, index records are created only for some of the records.\n\nSparse indexes require less maintenance than dense indexes at write-time since they only contain a subset of the values. \nThis lighter maintenance burden means that inserts, updates, and deletes will be faster. \nHaving fewer entries also means that the index will use less memory. \nFinding data is slower since a scan across the page typically follows the binary search. \nSparse indexes are also optional when working with ordered data.\n", "autoResize": true, "lineHeight": 1.25 } ], "appState": { "gridSize": 20, "gridStep": 5, "gridModeEnabled": false, "viewBackgroundColor": "#ffffff" }, "files": {} }

Data Structure

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